Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world, with a rich history and deeply rooted beliefs that have shaped Jewish identity for thousands of years. At the heart of Judaism are fundamental principles that guide the faith, practices, and daily lives of Jewish people.
While there are many beliefs in Judaism, four core principles stand out: belief in one God, the importance of the Torah, the covenant between God and the Jewish people, and the concept of justice and morality. These beliefs have remained central to Jewish teachings and continue to influence Jewish life today.
1. Belief in One God (Monotheism)
The Foundation of Jewish Faith
One of the most fundamental beliefs in Judaism is the belief in one God. This concept, known as monotheism, is the foundation of Jewish theology. Jews believe that God is eternal, all-powerful, and the Creator of the universe.
The Shema, one of the most important prayers in Judaism, expresses this belief clearly:
“Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is One.” (Deuteronomy 6:4)
This verse emphasizes that there is only one God, and He alone should be worshiped. Unlike polytheistic religions that believe in multiple gods, Judaism teaches that there is only one divine being who is sovereign over everything.
God’s Role in the Universe
Jews believe that God is:
- Omnipotent (all-powerful)
- Omniscient (all-knowing)
- Omnipresent (present everywhere)
- Compassionate and just
God is seen as a loving and just ruler who is involved in human affairs. He is not distant or indifferent but actively cares for His creation.
The Prohibition of Idolatry
Because of the strict belief in one God, Judaism forbids idolatry-the worship of other gods, statues, or images. The Ten Commandments, given to Moses on Mount Sinai, include a direct commandment against idolatry:
“You shall have no other gods before Me.” (Exodus 20:3)
This reinforces the idea that worship should be directed to God alone.
2. The Importance of the Torah
The Torah as Divine Law
The Torah is the most sacred text in Judaism and is considered the divine law given by God to Moses. It consists of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy).
Jews believe that the Torah contains God’s commandments, teachings, and guidance for living a righteous life. It serves as the foundation of Jewish law, ethics, and traditions.
The Role of the Torah in Jewish Life
The Torah is central to Jewish life in many ways:
- It provides moral and ethical guidance on how to live.
- It establishes religious laws that govern daily practices, such as keeping the Sabbath (Shabbat) and following dietary laws (Kashrut).
- It preserves Jewish history, including the story of the Exodus from Egypt.
- It is read and studied regularly, especially in synagogues during worship services.
The Oral Torah and Rabbinic Teachings
In addition to the written Torah, Judaism also recognizes the Oral Torah, which includes teachings and interpretations passed down through generations. These teachings were later recorded in the Talmud, a collection of Jewish laws and discussions by rabbis.
Jewish scholars and rabbis continue to interpret the Torah’s teachings, applying them to modern life while maintaining the core values of the faith.
3. The Covenant Between God and the Jewish People
A Sacred Agreement
Another key belief in Judaism is the concept of the covenant (brit) between God and the Jewish people. A covenant is a sacred agreement, and in Jewish tradition, God made a special covenant with Abraham, promising that his descendants would become a great nation.
Genesis 17:7 records this covenant:
“I will establish My covenant as an everlasting covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you.”
This covenant was later reaffirmed when God gave the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai. In return for God’s guidance and protection, the Jewish people were expected to follow His commandments and remain faithful to Him.
The Sign of the Covenant
A key sign of this covenant is circumcision (Brit Milah), which Jewish males undergo on the eighth day after birth. This practice symbolizes the Jewish people’s commitment to their relationship with God.
The Responsibility of the Chosen People
Judaism teaches that the Jewish people are chosen to follow God’s commandments and set an example of righteousness for the world. However, being chosen does not mean superiority; rather, it signifies a responsibility to uphold God’s laws and promote justice and morality.
Isaiah 49:6 reflects this mission:
“I will also make you a light for the nations, that my salvation may reach to the ends of the earth.”
The Jewish people are called to be a moral and spiritual guide to the world by living according to God’s principles.
4. The Concept of Justice and Morality
Tzedakah: The Duty to Help Others
Judaism places a strong emphasis on justice and morality, teaching that people should act with kindness, fairness, and compassion. One of the core principles in Jewish ethics is Tzedakah, which means charity or righteousness.
Tzedakah is not just a voluntary act of kindness but a religious obligation. Jews are encouraged to give to the poor, support those in need, and work toward a just society. Proverbs 21:3 states:
“To do what is right and just is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice.”
Pursuing Justice (Tikkun Olam)
Another important concept is Tikkun Olam, meaning “repairing the world.” This idea encourages Jews to take an active role in making the world a better place, whether through social justice, environmental care, or ethical leadership.
The Bible commands in Deuteronomy 16:20:
“Justice, justice you shall pursue.”
This means that seeking justice is not optional-it is a duty. Jews are encouraged to stand against injustice and work for the well-being of all people.
Moral and Ethical Living
Judaism teaches that ethical behavior is just as important as religious rituals. The Ten Commandments provide a moral framework that includes:
- Honoring parents
- Respecting human life
- Being truthful
- Avoiding theft and jealousy
These principles are the foundation of Jewish ethics and are meant to guide every aspect of life.
Judaism is built upon a rich spiritual and moral tradition. The belief in one God, the importance of the Torah, the covenant with God, and the emphasis on justice and morality are four of the most fundamental principles of the Jewish faith.
These beliefs have shaped Jewish identity and guided Jewish communities for thousands of years. They continue to be a source of strength, purpose, and moral direction in today’s world.
By understanding these core beliefs, we gain deeper insight into Judaism’s teachings and its profound impact on history, ethics, and spiritual life.