An anchor windlass is an essential piece of equipment on general ships, responsible for handling the ship’s anchor and chain. This mechanism allows raising, lowering, and securing the anchor efficiently. Choosing the right windlass is crucial for ensuring smooth anchoring operations, especially in different sea conditions.
This topic explores the types of anchor windlasses used in general ships, how they work, their components, and key considerations for selecting the best one.
What is an Anchor Windlass?
An anchor windlass is a mechanical device used to raise and lower the anchor on a ship. It operates using gears, motors, and drums to manage the anchor chain or rope. The windlass ensures the anchor can be deployed and retrieved with minimal manual effort, improving safety and efficiency.
Types of Anchor Windlasses Used in General Ships
Different ships use different types of anchor windlasses, depending on their size, anchor weight, and operational needs. The two main classifications are:
1. Horizontal Anchor Windlass
A horizontal windlass has a horizontal shaft, meaning the anchor chain is wound around a drum that rotates side to side. It is commonly used on large cargo ships, tankers, and naval vessels.
Advantages:
- Provides better chain control and tension adjustment.
- Suitable for heavy-duty operations.
- Works well on large ships with high anchor weight.
Disadvantages:
- Takes up more deck space.
- Requires strong structural support.
2. Vertical Anchor Windlass
A vertical windlass has a vertically rotating shaft, making it more compact. The chain gypsy (wildcat) and drum are positioned upright, commonly found on smaller vessels, yachts, and passenger ships.
Advantages:
- Saves deck space.
- Easier to install on small and medium-sized ships.
- Provides better chain alignment.
Disadvantages:
- Less powerful than horizontal windlasses.
- Not ideal for handling very heavy anchors.
3. Electric Anchor Windlass
This type of windlass operates using electric motors and is widely used on modern commercial and recreational ships.
Advantages:
- Easy to operate with push-button controls.
- Requires minimal manual labor.
- Lower maintenance compared to hydraulic systems.
Disadvantages:
- Dependent on electrical power.
- Limited capacity for very heavy anchors.
4. Hydraulic Anchor Windlass
A hydraulic windlass uses hydraulic pressure for operation, making it ideal for large ships and offshore vessels that require high pulling power.
Advantages:
- More powerful than electric windlasses.
- Handles large and heavy anchors efficiently.
- Works well in harsh weather conditions.
Disadvantages:
- Requires complex hydraulic systems.
- Higher maintenance costs.
5. Manual Anchor Windlass
A manual windlass is operated by hand, typically used on small boats and fishing vessels where an electric or hydraulic system is unnecessary.
Advantages:
- No power source required.
- Simple and reliable mechanism.
Disadvantages:
- Requires manual effort, making it impractical for large anchors.
- Slower operation compared to powered windlasses.
Main Components of an Anchor Windlass
An anchor windlass consists of several essential components that work together to control the anchor system.
1. Gypsy (Wildcat)
The gypsy, or wildcat, is a notched wheel that grips the anchor chain, allowing controlled movement when raising or lowering the anchor.
2. Chain Stopper
A chain stopper prevents the anchor chain from slipping and holds the anchor securely when not in use.
3. Brake System
The brake system controls the speed at which the anchor is deployed, preventing it from dropping too fast.
4. Motor (Electric or Hydraulic)
The motor provides the power to turn the windlass drum and gypsy, ensuring efficient anchor handling.
5. Clutch Mechanism
A clutch mechanism engages or disengages the windlass from the power source, allowing manual control when needed.
How Does an Anchor Windlass Work?
The operation of an anchor windlass follows a simple process:
- Lowering the Anchor:
- The windlass is disengaged from the brake.
- The chain stopper is released.
- The anchor lowers into the water using controlled braking.
- Holding the Ship in Place:
- The anchor secures itself on the seabed.
- The windlass holds the chain at the right tension.
- Raising the Anchor:
- The motor engages, pulling the chain and anchor back up.
- The gypsy rotates to guide the chain properly.
- The anchor is secured in place using the chain stopper.
Factors to Consider When Choosing an Anchor Windlass
1. Ship Size and Anchor Weight
Larger ships require stronger windlasses with more pulling power to handle heavy anchors.
2. Type of Anchor Chain
The windlass should match the chain size and type, ensuring a smooth grip on the gypsy.
3. Power Source
- Electric windlasses are ideal for small to medium-sized ships.
- Hydraulic windlasses are best for large commercial vessels.
4. Operating Conditions
- Ships in deep-sea or storm-prone areas require heavy-duty windlasses.
- Yachts and leisure boats can use light-duty electric windlasses.
5. Maintenance Requirements
Some windlasses require regular lubrication, chain inspection, and part replacements to remain functional. Hydraulic windlasses need more maintenance than electric ones.
Common Problems with Anchor Windlasses and How to Fix Them
Even high-quality windlasses can experience issues over time. Here are some common problems and their solutions:
1. Chain Slipping from the Gypsy
- Cause: Worn-out gypsy teeth or incorrect chain size.
- Solution: Replace the gypsy or use the correct chain type.
2. Windlass Motor Overheating
- Cause: Excessive strain or continuous operation.
- Solution: Allow the motor to cool down and check for overloaded circuits.
3. Anchor Stuck on the Seabed
- Cause: Anchor buried too deep in the seabed.
- Solution: Move the ship forward slowly while pulling the chain.
4. Windlass Fails to Operate
- Cause: Power failure, hydraulic leaks, or mechanical failure.
- Solution: Inspect electrical connections, hydraulic pressure, and clutch engagement.
An anchor windlass is a critical system for ensuring safe and efficient anchoring operations on general ships. Choosing the right type—whether horizontal, vertical, electric, hydraulic, or manual—depends on the ship’s size, anchor weight, and operational needs. Regular maintenance and proper usage can extend the windlass’s lifespan and prevent unexpected failures.
Understanding how an anchor windlass works and its components helps ship operators maintain smooth anchoring procedures, ensuring safety and efficiency at sea.