The United States Board on Geographic Names (USBGN) is a federal body responsible for maintaining uniformity in geographic names across the United States. Established in 1890, it plays a crucial role in ensuring consistency in naming places, natural features, and administrative regions.
This topic explores the history, purpose, structure, functions, and significance of the USBGN in geographic and governmental operations.
History and Establishment
Why Was the USBGN Created?
Before the late 19th century, many places in the U.S. had multiple names and spellings, creating confusion in maps, legal documents, and government records. The need for a standardized system became apparent, especially with rapid westward expansion and scientific exploration.
In 1890, President Benjamin Harrison established the United States Board on Geographic Names to resolve these inconsistencies. It became a permanent institution under federal law in 1947, when Congress passed the Public Law 80-242.
Key Milestones in the USBGN’s History
- 1890: Created by executive order to standardize geographic names.
- 1906: Incorporated into the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
- 1947: Congress officially established the board’s authority through the Public Law 80-242.
- Present Day: Continues to regulate geographic names for government use.
Functions of the United States Board on Geographic Names
1. Standardizing Geographic Names
The primary role of the USBGN is to ensure that all federal agencies use the same name for a geographic feature. This is important for:
- Accurate mapping and navigation
- Legal and governmental consistency
- Historical and cultural preservation
For example, if different agencies use different names for the same river or mountain, it could cause confusion in emergency response, military operations, and transportation planning.
2. Reviewing and Approving Name Proposals
Individuals, organizations, and government entities can submit name proposals for:
- Newly discovered geographic features
- Renaming places due to historical or cultural considerations
- Correcting spelling or other inconsistencies
The board evaluates proposals based on historical evidence, local usage, and potential conflicts with existing names.
3. Managing the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a comprehensive database maintained by the USBGN and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). It contains information on:
- Over 2 million geographic names in the U.S.
- Coordinates, feature descriptions, and historical name changes
- Standardized naming conventions for official use
The GNIS is a valuable resource for cartographers, researchers, government agencies, and the public.
4. Resolving Naming Disputes
Naming disputes arise when different groups disagree on the proper name of a place or feature. These disputes may be due to:
- Historical controversies
- Cultural or Indigenous rights
- Spelling differences
For example, some geographic features have been renamed to remove offensive or outdated terms, reflecting modern cultural sensitivities. The USBGN reviews these cases and makes decisions based on historical accuracy and local consensus.
5. Collaborating with International Organizations
The USBGN works with global entities such as:
- The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN)
- Other national geographic boards
These collaborations ensure that American geographic names align with international standards, which is crucial for global navigation, mapping, and diplomacy.
Structure and Organization
Composition of the Board
The USBGN consists of representatives from various federal agencies, including:
- Department of the Interior
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- Department of Defense
- U.S. Postal Service
- Library of Congress
Each representative brings expertise in geography, history, cartography, and government policy.
Committees Within the USBGN
The board has specialized committees focusing on:
- Domestic Names: Manages U.S. place names.
- Foreign Names: Standardizes names for international locations.
- Cultural and Indigenous Names: Addresses naming issues related to Native American and minority communities.
Notable Name Changes and Controversies
Changing Offensive or Outdated Names
The USBGN has overseen the renaming of places that were once named with terms now considered offensive. Some recent examples include:
- Renaming locations that contained racial slurs
- Replacing colonial names with Indigenous names
- Adjusting names to reflect cultural and historical significance
Indigenous and Tribal Names
In recent years, there has been a strong movement to restore Indigenous names to geographical features. Examples include:
- Denali (formerly Mount McKinley): In 2015, the USBGN approved changing the name of North America’s highest peak back to its original Alaskan Native name, Denali.
- Many rivers, lakes, and mountains have been renamed to honor Native American heritage.
State and Local Conflicts
Sometimes, state and local governments disagree with the USBGN’s decisions.
- Some states prefer to keep historical names, while activists push for change.
- In certain cases, the USBGN’s ruling is overridden by congressional action or executive orders.
Despite occasional conflicts, the board remains committed to ensuring fair and accurate naming practices.
Why Is the USBGN Important?
1. Ensuring Consistency in Mapping and Navigation
Standardized geographic names prevent confusion in transportation, emergency response, and national security operations.
2. Preserving Cultural and Historical Identity
By recognizing historical and Indigenous names, the USBGN helps preserve the heritage and legacy of diverse communities.
3. Supporting Government and Military Operations
Federal agencies rely on accurate place names for:
- Military strategy and defense mapping
- Disaster response coordination
- Census and demographic studies
4. Enhancing Scientific and Environmental Research
Geologists, ecologists, and environmental scientists use official place names for research on climate change, natural resources, and urban development.
How to Propose a New Geographic Name?
Individuals or organizations can submit name proposals to the USBGN. The process includes:
- Filling out an official application on the USBGN website.
- Providing historical and cultural evidence supporting the name change.
- Gaining local community support for the proposed name.
- Undergoing review by the board, which considers all aspects before making a decision.
If approved, the new name becomes the official name for federal use.
The United States Board on Geographic Names plays a critical role in ensuring accuracy, consistency, and cultural sensitivity in geographic naming across the country. Through its work, the board helps standardize place names, preserve history, and support scientific and governmental functions.
As society evolves, so do place names. The USBGN continues to adapt, ensuring that the names on maps, documents, and records reflect both historical accuracy and modern sensibilities.