As a horse owner, breeder, or caretaker, knowing the signs that a mare is about to foal is crucial. Foaling is an exciting yet delicate process, and being prepared can ensure a smooth and safe delivery for both the mare and foal.
Understanding the physical and behavioral changes leading up to foaling can help you provide the right care at the right time. This topic explores the common signs of foaling, the stages of labor, and how to prepare for the birth.
How Long Is a Mare’s Pregnancy?
A mare’s gestation period lasts around 320 to 370 days, with the average pregnancy lasting about 340 days (11 months). However, every mare is different, and some may deliver earlier or later than expected.
As the due date approaches, monitoring your mare for foaling signs becomes essential.
Early Signs That a Mare Is Getting Close to Foaling
A few weeks to days before foaling, a mare will start showing physical and behavioral changes. Here are some early indicators:
1. Udder Development (Bagging Up)
- The mare’s udder will gradually enlarge as milk production begins.
- This process, known as “bagging up,” usually starts 2-6 weeks before foaling.
- Closer to foaling, the udder may become firm and filled with colostrum (the first milk).
2. Relaxation of the Pelvic Ligaments
- The muscles and ligaments around the tailhead and croup will begin to soften and loosen.
- This occurs as the body prepares for foaling, making it easier for the foal to pass through the birth canal.
- You may notice the mare’s hindquarters appearing more sunken.
3. Belly Shape Changes
- The mare’s abdomen will drop lower as the foal moves into position.
- Some mares may look less round and more V-shaped as foaling nears.
4. Swelling of the Vulva
- The vulva will become relaxed and swollen in preparation for delivery.
- Some mares may also have a slight discharge a few days before labor.
Signs That Foaling Is Imminent (Hours to Days Before Birth)
As foaling gets closer, the mare will exhibit more noticeable signs that labor is about to begin.
1. Waxing of the Teats
- Many mares develop a waxy coating on the tips of their teats 12-48 hours before foaling.
- This is dried colostrum and a strong sign that birth is near.
2. Restlessness and Changes in Behavior
- The mare may become anxious, agitated, or seek isolation.
- She may frequently lie down and stand up, appearing uncomfortable.
- Some mares become more affectionate, while others may seem distant or irritable.
3. Sweating and Increased Respiration
- A mare close to foaling may start sweating, especially around her flanks and shoulders.
- Her breathing may become faster or heavier.
4. Frequent Urination and Defecation
- She may act as if she needs to urinate but only pass small amounts.
- Frequent passing of manure is also common.
5. Dripping or Streaming Milk
- Some mares will drip or stream milk just before labor begins.
- If this happens too early, it’s important to collect colostrum in case the foal needs supplemental feeding.
Stages of Foaling: What to Expect
Foaling occurs in three distinct stages, each lasting a different amount of time.
Stage 1: Early Labor (1-4 Hours)
- The mare may appear restless, paw at the ground, or frequently lie down and get up.
- She may sweat, pace, or show signs of mild colic.
- The foal moves into the birth canal, and the cervix begins to dilate.
- This stage ends when the mare’s water breaks.
Stage 2: Delivery of the Foal (10-30 Minutes)
- After the water breaks, contractions become stronger and more frequent.
- The foal should appear front feet first, followed by the nose and head.
- Most mares lie down to give birth, but some may remain standing.
- A normal delivery should take no more than 30 minutes once active labor begins.
- If the foal is not delivered within 30 minutes, call a veterinarian immediately.
Stage 3: Passing of the Placenta (1-3 Hours)
- After the foal is born, the mare will continue having mild contractions to expel the placenta.
- The placenta should be fully passed within 3 hours.
- Retained placenta can cause serious health complications, so ensure it is expelled completely.
How to Prepare for Foaling
1. Set Up a Safe and Clean Foaling Area
- Use a large, clean, and well-bedded stall (minimum 12×12 feet).
- If foaling outdoors, choose a quiet, grassy area free from hazards.
2. Keep a Foaling Kit Ready
Your foaling kit should include:
- Clean towels and blankets
- Scissors and iodine for the umbilical cord
- Disposable gloves
- A thermometer
- A veterinarian’s phone number
3. Monitor the Mare Closely
- Check for signs of foaling multiple times a day as the due date approaches.
- Consider using a foaling camera or birth alarm system for 24/7 monitoring.
4. Know When to Call a Vet
Call a vet if:
- Labor lasts longer than 30 minutes without progress.
- The foal is in an abnormal position (e.g., breech).
- The placenta is not expelled within 3 hours.
- The foal does not nurse within 2 hours of birth.
Post-Foaling Care: What to Do After Birth
1. Let the Mare and Foal Bond
- Avoid disturbing them immediately after birth.
- The mare should nuzzle and lick the foal to encourage bonding.
2. Ensure the Foal Nurses Within 2 Hours
- The foal must drink colostrum within the first few hours for immunity.
- If the foal struggles to nurse, assist gently or consult a vet.
3. Check the Placenta
- Examine the placenta to ensure it is expelled completely.
- A retained placenta requires immediate veterinary care.
4. Monitor the Mare’s Health
- Watch for signs of post-foaling complications, such as fever or excessive bleeding.
- Provide fresh water and quality hay to support her recovery.
Recognizing the signs of foaling can help you prepare for a safe and successful birth. From udder development and vulva swelling to waxing teats and restlessness, these indicators signal that your mare is getting close to delivering her foal.
By understanding the stages of labor and what to expect, you can ensure a smooth foaling process and provide the best care for both the mare and her newborn foal.