Tempera is one of the oldest painting techniques in art history, dating back to ancient civilizations. It is a fast-drying, water-based paint that uses egg yolk or other natural binders to mix pigments. Artists have used tempera for centuries due to its vibrant colors, durability, and smooth application.
But what exactly is tempera paint, and how is it different from modern paints like acrylic and oil? This topic explores the history, characteristics, and techniques of tempera in art.
The History of Tempera Painting
Ancient Origins
Tempera painting dates back to ancient Egypt and Greece, where it was used for decorating tombs, religious icons, and murals. The famous Fayum mummy portraits from Roman Egypt (1st-3rd centuries AD) are an early example of tempera’s long-lasting quality.
The Renaissance and Tempera’s Golden Age
During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, tempera became the preferred medium for religious paintings and altarpieces. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico, and Sandro Botticelli mastered this technique, creating some of the most iconic paintings of all time.
However, by the 15th century, oil painting replaced tempera as the dominant medium, due to its slower drying time and ability to create depth and realism.
What is Tempera Paint Made Of?
The Ingredients of Traditional Tempera
Traditional tempera consists of:
- Pigments – Natural color powders made from minerals, plants, or organic materials.
- Binder (Egg Yolk) – Egg yolk is the most common binder, mixed with water to create a smooth, adhesive paint.
- Water – Helps dissolve the pigments and allows the paint to spread easily.
Modern Tempera Paint
Today, tempera paint is also made using synthetic binders, making it more affordable and accessible. However, this modern version, often called poster paint, lacks the permanence of traditional egg tempera.
Characteristics of Tempera Painting
Fast Drying
One of the defining features of tempera is its quick drying time. Unlike oil paints, which can take days or even weeks to dry, tempera dries within minutes. This makes it ideal for layering and fine details.
Matte Finish
Tempera produces a soft, matte finish with bright, vivid colors. It does not create the same glossy or textured effect as oil or acrylic paints.
Durability
When properly applied, tempera paintings can last centuries without fading or cracking. Some Renaissance tempera artworks remain in excellent condition today.
Tempera vs. Other Paint Mediums
Tempera vs. Oil Paint
| Feature | Tempera | Oil Paint |
|---|---|---|
| Drying Time | Very fast | Slow (days to weeks) |
| Texture | Matte and smooth | Glossy and rich |
| Layering | Requires thin layers | Allows thick layers |
| Durability | Long-lasting, but rigid | Flexible, can crack over time |
Tempera vs. Acrylic Paint
| Feature | Tempera | Acrylic Paint |
|---|---|---|
| Binder | Egg yolk | Synthetic polymer |
| Drying Time | Fast | Fast |
| Water Resistance | Not waterproof | Waterproof when dry |
| Application | Thin layers | Thick or thin layers |
How to Paint with Tempera
Basic Steps to Using Tempera Paint
- Prepare the Surface – Traditional tempera works best on wood panels, paper, or gesso boards.
- Mix the Paint – Combine pigment powder, egg yolk, and water to create a smooth consistency.
- Apply in Thin Layers – Use small brushstrokes to build up the colors gradually.
- Let Each Layer Dry – Because tempera dries quickly, layering creates depth and texture.
- Finish with a Protective Coating – A final varnish can help preserve the painting.
Famous Tempera Paintings and Artists
Sandro Botticelli – ‘The Birth of Venus’ (1485-1486)
One of the most famous tempera paintings, ‘The Birth of Venus’, showcases Botticelli’s mastery of delicate details and soft color transitions.
Leonardo da Vinci – Early Works
Before using oil, Leonardo da Vinci experimented with tempera. His unfinished work ‘Adoration of the Magi’ (1481) demonstrates tempera’s ability to create fine details and shading.
Fra Angelico – Religious Frescoes
Fra Angelico’s frescoes and altarpieces used tempera to create rich, luminous religious imagery, characteristic of the Renaissance period.
The Modern Use of Tempera in Art
Tempera in Contemporary Art
While oil and acrylics dominate modern painting, some artists continue to use tempera for its unique texture and historical significance. Many icon painters and restoration artists still prefer traditional egg tempera for religious and fine art works.
Tempera in Schools and Education
Modern poster tempera paint is widely used in art education, as it is non-toxic, affordable, and easy to clean. However, it is different from authentic egg tempera, which is more durable and refined.
Tempera painting is an ancient yet timeless art medium, known for its fast drying, vibrant colors, and durability. While it has been largely replaced by oil and acrylics, tempera remains a valuable technique for historical, religious, and educational art.
Whether used by Renaissance masters or contemporary artists, tempera continues to be a respected and admired painting method, proving that classic techniques never fade.