The Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Sutra, also known as the Sutra of the Past Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, is one of the most important scriptures in Mahayana Buddhism. It focuses on Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, a great being known for his boundless compassion and vows to save all sentient beings.
Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is often depicted as a monk holding a staff and a wish-fulfilling jewel, symbolizing his guidance and illumination for those suffering in hell realms and samsara. His vows emphasize endurance, patience, and the ultimate goal of freeing all beings from suffering.
This topic explores the original vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, their significance, and how they continue to inspire Buddhist practitioners today.
Who Is Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva?
1. The Meaning of Ksitigarbha
The name Ksitigarbha comes from Sanskrit:
- Ká¹£iti means “earth”
- Garbha means “womb” or “treasury”
This name signifies stability, patience, and deep compassion, much like the earth that nurtures and supports all life.
2. The Role of Ksitigarbha in Buddhism
Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is known as the “Bodhisattva of the Hell Realm” because of his vow to liberate all beings trapped in hell before attaining Buddhahood himself. This vow demonstrates his immense compassion and commitment to saving all beings from suffering.
He is especially revered in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, where he is known by different names:
- Dà¬zà ng Pàºsà (å°èè©è¨) in Chinese
- JizÅ Bosatsu (å°èµè©è©) in Japanese
- Jijang Bosal (ì§ì¥ë³´ì´) in Korean
- Äá»a Tạng Bá» Tà¡t in Vietnamese
The Original Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
The Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Sutra records the great vows made by Ksitigarbha in the presence of Buddha Shakyamuni. These vows reflect his unwavering dedication to saving all beings from suffering.
1. Vow to Save All Sentient Beings
Ksitigarbha vowed that until all beings are liberated from suffering, he will not attain Buddhahood. This means that he will continue to reincarnate in various forms to guide and protect all sentient beings.
- He works tirelessly in hell realms, ghost realms, and other lower existences to help those in suffering.
- He provides guidance, protection, and blessings to those in difficult and painful situations.
This vow is an example of great selflessness and determination, showing that true enlightenment comes from helping others.
2. Vow to Liberate Those in Hell Before Attaining Buddhahood
One of the most famous vows of Ksitigarbha is:
“Until the hells are emptied, I will not become a Buddha. Only when all sentient beings are saved will I attain enlightenment.”
This vow highlights his unbreakable compassion for those suffering in the lowest realms of existence.
- He assists those in Avīci Hell, the deepest and most painful of all hells.
- He teaches the Dharma to those who have committed great karmic offenses, offering them a chance for redemption.
- He encourages virtuous deeds so that beings may be reborn in better realms.
This vow teaches that no being is beyond salvation, no matter how deep their suffering may be.
3. Vow to Teach and Guide Beings Through Many Lifetimes
Ksitigarbha made a vow to continue teaching and guiding beings for infinite lifetimes. He manifests in many different forms to help those in need, including:
- A monk offering wisdom and guidance
- A friend or mentor leading someone to the right path
- A divine protector shielding people from harm
This vow reflects the Mahayana Buddhist ideal of compassion and service, where true wisdom is used to help others rather than seek personal gain.
4. Vow to Assist Women and Those Who Suffer Discrimination
The Ksitigarbha Sutra also emphasizes helping women and those who face suffering due to societal discrimination.
In ancient times, women often faced restrictions in spiritual practice. Ksitigarbha vowed to help women attain enlightenment and overcome karmic obstacles that might prevent them from progressing on the path.
This vow represents Buddhism’s inclusiveness, showing that all beings, regardless of gender or social status, have the potential for liberation.
5. Vow to Protect Those Who Recite His Name and Practice His Teachings
Ksitigarbha promised to protect and bless those who:
- Recite his name with sincerity
- Read or listen to the Ksitigarbha Sutra
- Make offerings or perform acts of compassion in his name
Those who sincerely seek his help are said to receive spiritual blessings, protection from disasters, and guidance on their life path.
The Significance of Ksitigarbha’s Vows in Modern Life
1. A Source of Hope and Compassion
Many people today face emotional suffering, loss, and hardship. Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva’s vows remind us that no one is alone in their suffering. His example teaches us to:
- Practice patience and perseverance
- Help others selflessly
- Develop deep compassion for all beings
2. The Importance of Altruism
Ksitigarbha’s teachings emphasize that true spiritual growth comes from helping others. By following his example, we can:
- Perform acts of kindness
- Support those in need
- Encourage people to overcome difficulties
These simple actions create positive karma and bring spiritual benefits to ourselves and others.
3. Karma and the Power of Good Deeds
The Ksitigarbha Sutra teaches that our actions shape our future lives. By practicing good deeds, generosity, and mindfulness, we can:
- Create better karmic conditions
- Avoid suffering in lower realms
- Move closer to enlightenment
Practicing the Teachings of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
If you want to incorporate Ksitigarbha’s teachings into your life, here are some practices:
- Recite his name â “Namo Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva” (åç¡å°èè©è©)
- Read the Ksitigarbha Sutra â Understanding his teachings helps develop compassion.
- Perform acts of kindness â Help those in need, donate, and offer prayers for others.
- Meditate on compassion â Reflect on how you can help others in your daily life.
- Make offerings â Offer flowers, candles, or food as a sign of gratitude.
The Original Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva are among the most profound teachings in Mahayana Buddhism. They remind us of the power of compassion, perseverance, and selfless service.
By following Ksitigarbha’s example, we can bring hope, kindness, and wisdom into our lives and help others overcome suffering. His vows continue to inspire millions, serving as a guide for all who seek spiritual enlightenment.