John Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel” is a celebrated political allegory that draws heavily on biblical narratives, particularly the story of King David and his rebellious son Absalom from the Old Testament. The poem, published in 1681, reflects the tumultuous political landscape of England during the Exclusion Crisis, using biblical parallelism to comment on contemporary events and figures.
Understanding Biblical Parallelism
Biblical parallelism refers to the literary technique where themes, characters, or events from the Bible are mirrored or alluded to in secular works. In “Absalom and Achitophel,” Dryden skillfully adapts biblical narratives to critique political figures and events of his time, offering allegorical insights that resonate beyond their historical context.
Key Elements of Parallelism in “Absalom and Achitophel”
- David and Absalom:
- In the biblical narrative (2 Samuel), King David’s son Absalom rebels against him, seeking to usurp his father’s throne. Similarly, in Dryden’s poem, King Charles II is allegorically represented as David, while his illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth (Absalom), is manipulated by political schemers like Achitophel (Earl of Shaftesbury) to challenge the king’s authority.
- Political Allegory:
- Dryden uses biblical parallelism to comment on contemporary political strife, portraying Charles II’s legitimacy and rightful succession amidst the Whig conspiracies seeking to exclude him from the throne. The poem serves as a cautionary tale against political ambition and betrayal.
- Rhetorical Devices:
- Parallelism in “Absalom and Achitophel” extends beyond narrative parallels to include rhetorical strategies and moral lessons drawn from biblical stories. Dryden employs satire, irony, and vivid imagery to evoke the gravity and consequences of political discord, drawing a clear moral line between loyalty and treason.
Literary Techniques and Symbolism
- Symbolic Imagery:
- Biblical motifs and symbols, such as the anointing of kings, divine right, and the consequences of rebellion, are woven throughout the poem. These symbols reinforce the moral and political implications of actions taken by characters within the narrative.
- Satirical Commentary:
- Through biblical parallelism, Dryden critiques not only the individuals involved but also broader themes of governance, legitimacy, and the consequences of divisive political maneuvering. The poem serves as both a historical document and a timeless commentary on the dangers of ambition and disloyalty.
Cultural and Historical Significance
- Impact on Restoration Politics:
- “Absalom and Achitophel” had a significant impact on Restoration-era politics, shaping public perception of key figures and events. Its use of biblical allegory helped to frame political debates and underscore the legitimacy of monarchial succession amidst political turbulence.
- Literary Legacy:
- Dryden’s skillful blending of biblical narrative with contemporary political satire established “Absalom and Achitophel” as a classic of English literature. Its enduring relevance lies in its exploration of power dynamics, moral dilemmas, and the complexities of loyalty and betrayal.
John Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel” exemplifies the profound influence of biblical parallelism on English literature and political discourse. By drawing on the biblical narrative of David and Absalom, Dryden crafts a nuanced allegory that transcends its historical context to explore timeless themes of power, loyalty, and moral responsibility. The poem’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to provoke reflection on the consequences of political ambition and the fragility of leadership in the face of internal strife. As a masterpiece of political satire and literary craftsmanship, “Absalom and Achitophel” continues to resonate with readers for its insightful commentary and artistic merit.