Guttural pouch infections in horses are serious conditions that require immediate attention. The guttural pouches are air-filled sacs located behind a horse’s skull, playing a role in temperature regulation and air pressure balance. When these pouches become infected, they can lead to life-threatening complications.
Recognizing the symptoms of guttural pouch infection in horses early can help in quick diagnosis and treatment, preventing severe consequences. This topic explores the common signs, possible causes, and treatment options for this condition.
What is a Guttural Pouch Infection?
A guttural pouch infection (guttural pouch empyema or mycosis) occurs when bacteria or fungi invade the pouches. This can lead to pus accumulation, swelling, and potential nerve damage. If untreated, the infection may cause severe bleeding, neurological issues, or even sudden death.
Common Causes of Guttural Pouch Infection
Several factors can contribute to an infection in the guttural pouches:
- Bacterial Infections – Streptococcus equi (Strangles) is a common cause.
- Fungal Infections – Aspergillus fungi can lead to dangerous mycosis.
- Poor Drainage – Blockage in the pouches can trap bacteria.
- Trauma or Injury – Damage to the head or throat may introduce infections.
- Compromised Immune System – Young or weakened horses are at higher risk.
Symptoms of Guttural Pouch Infection in Horses
Recognizing the early signs of guttural pouch infection is crucial for effective treatment. Below are the most common symptoms:
1. Nasal Discharge
- One of the earliest signs is thick, yellowish nasal discharge.
- The discharge often comes from one nostril, but can be from both.
- In cases of guttural pouch mycosis, the discharge may contain blood.
2. Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)
- Affected horses may struggle to eat or drink.
- Food may come back through the nostrils.
- Weight loss can occur due to reduced food intake.
3. Swelling Behind the Jaw
- The area near the throat and lower jaw may appear swollen.
- Swelling may be soft or firm, depending on the severity of the infection.
4. Noisy Breathing or Respiratory Distress
- Infections can cause partial airway blockage.
- Horses may develop loud breathing sounds (stridor).
- Severe cases can lead to difficulty breathing.
5. Bleeding from the Nose (Epistaxis)
- A dangerous symptom of guttural pouch mycosis.
- Blood may appear intermittently or suddenly in large amounts.
- Heavy bleeding can be fatal without emergency treatment.
6. Nerve Damage Symptoms
- The guttural pouches are close to important nerves.
- Nerve involvement may cause:
- Drooping eyelid or lip.
- Difficulty blinking.
- Hoarse or weak whinny.
- Head tilting or loss of coordination.
7. Fever and Lethargy
- Infections often cause a high fever.
- Horses may show low energy levels and reluctance to move.
8. Extended Head and Neck Position
- Horses with discomfort may stretch their head and neck forward.
- This is an attempt to ease throat pain and breathing difficulties.
Complications of Untreated Guttural Pouch Infection
If left untreated, guttural pouch infections can lead to severe complications:
1. Ruptured Blood Vessels
- Fungal infections can erode major arteries, leading to fatal hemorrhaging.
2. Aspiration Pneumonia
- Difficulty swallowing can lead to food entering the lungs, causing infection.
3. Permanent Nerve Damage
- Long-term damage can cause chronic swallowing and breathing issues.
4. Spread of Infection
- Severe bacterial infections can spread to other organs, worsening the horse’s condition.
Diagnosis of Guttural Pouch Infection
Veterinarians use several methods to diagnose guttural pouch infections:
- Endoscopy – A camera is inserted into the nostrils to examine the guttural pouches.
- X-rays or Ultrasound – Helps detect swelling, fluid accumulation, or blockages.
- Blood Tests – Identifies bacterial or fungal infections.
- Culture and Sensitivity Tests – Determines the best antibiotic for treatment.
Treatment Options for Guttural Pouch Infection
The treatment approach depends on whether the infection is bacterial or fungal:
1. Antibiotics for Bacterial Infections
- Oral or intravenous antibiotics for Streptococcus equi infections.
- Flushing the guttural pouches with antiseptic solutions.
2. Antifungal Treatment for Mycosis
- Topical antifungal medication applied directly to the pouches.
- Surgical intervention may be needed for severe cases.
3. Nasogastric Feeding for Severe Cases
- If swallowing is difficult, a vet may use a feeding tube to provide nutrition.
4. Surgery for Severe Bleeding
- In cases of arterial damage, surgery may be needed to tie off bleeding vessels.
Preventing Guttural Pouch Infection in Horses
While not all cases are preventable, some steps can reduce the risk of infection:
1. Proper Stable Hygiene
- Keep stalls and feeding areas clean and dry to prevent bacterial growth.
2. Vaccination for Strangles
- Strangles (Streptococcus equi) is a major cause of guttural pouch empyema.
- Vaccination reduces the risk of infection and complications.
3. Regular Veterinary Check-ups
- Routine exams help detect early signs of infection before they worsen.
4. Monitor Nasal Discharge and Breathing
- Persistent discharge, difficulty swallowing, or noisy breathing should be evaluated immediately.
5. Avoid Contact with Infected Horses
- Guttural pouch infections can be contagious if caused by bacteria like Strangles.
When to Call a Veterinarian
Seek immediate veterinary care if your horse shows:
- Frequent or heavy nosebleeds.
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing.
- Unusual swelling around the throat.
- Sudden weakness or collapse.
A guttural pouch infection in horses can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The early symptoms, such as nasal discharge, difficulty swallowing, and noisy breathing, should never be ignored.
With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most horses recover well. Regular veterinary check-ups, good stable hygiene, and vaccinations can help prevent infections and protect your horse’s health.