In the periodic table, metals are arranged based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. Each element has neighboring elements that share some characteristics while differing in key aspects.
The metal positioned to the left of copper (Cu) in the periodic table is Nickel (Ni). Nickel is a transition metal known for its high corrosion resistance, strength, and diverse industrial applications.
This topic explores Nickel’s properties, uses, significance, and how it compares to copper.
Understanding Nickel (Ni) in the Periodic Table
Position of Nickel in the Periodic Table
Nickel is located at:
- Atomic Number: 28
- Group: 10
- Period: 4
- Block: d-block (Transition Metal)
Nickel is positioned immediately to the left of copper (Cu, atomic number 29) in the periodic table. Since elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, Nickel comes before Copper.
Why Is Nickel Placed Before Copper?
- Electron Configuration:
- Nickel: [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
- Copper: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
- Increasing Atomic Number: Nickel has one fewer proton (28) than Copper (29).
- Chemical Properties: Both are transition metals with similar properties, but Nickel is harder and more magnetic than Copper.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Nickel
Nickel has distinct properties that make it valuable in various industrial applications.
Physical Properties of Nickel
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Silvery-white metal |
| Density | 8.91 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 1455°C |
| Boiling Point | 2730°C |
| Magnetic? | Yes, Nickel is ferromagnetic |
Chemical Properties of Nickel
- Corrosion-Resistant: Forms a protective oxide layer.
- Reacts With Acids: Dissolves in strong acids like HCl and H₂SO₄.
- Forms Alloys Easily: Nickel alloys with iron, copper, and chromium.
- Catalytic Properties: Used in hydrogenation reactions in the chemical industry.
Nickel vs. Copper: Key Differences
Nickel and Copper are neighboring elements, but they have unique differences.
| Feature | Nickel (Ni) | Copper (Cu) |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 28 | 29 |
| Color | Silvery-white | Reddish-brown |
| Density | 8.91 g/cm³ | 8.96 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 1455°C | 1084°C |
| Conductivity | Moderate conductor | Excellent conductor |
| Magnetism | Magnetic | Non-magnetic |
| Corrosion Resistance | High | Moderate |
Why Is Copper More Conductive Than Nickel?
- Copper has a more filled d-orbital, reducing electron scattering, making it a better conductor.
- Nickel’s ferromagnetism affects electron movement, reducing conductivity.
How Is Nickel Used in Industry?
Nickel’s durability, corrosion resistance, and strength make it essential in various applications.
1. Stainless Steel Production
- Nickel is a key component in stainless steel (contains ~8-10% Ni).
- Increases strength, resistance to rust, and durability.
2. Nickel-Based Alloys
- Used in high-temperature applications such as jet engines and turbines.
- Examples: Inconel, Monel, Nichrome.
3. Coinage and Currency
- Used in coins, often mixed with copper.
- Example: Nickel-copper alloy in US and Euro coins.
4. Battery Manufacturing
- Used in Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries.
- Essential in electric vehicle (EV) batteries (e.g., Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM) batteries).
5. Catalysts in Chemical Reactions
- Nickel is a catalyst in hydrogenation reactions (e.g., converting vegetable oil to margarine).
- Used in fuel processing and petrochemical industries.
6. Electronics and Magnets
- Used in magnetic materials and hard drives.
- Plays a role in electromagnetic shielding in electronic devices.
Nickel Mining and Production
Nickel is mined from ores such as:
- Pentlandite (Ni,Fe)₉S₈ – Major source of nickel.
- Garnierite (Nickel silicate mineral).
- Laterite ores – Found in tropical regions.
Nickel Extraction Process
- Mining – Nickel ores are extracted from the earth.
- Processing & Roasting – Ores are heated to remove sulfur and impurities.
- Refining – Nickel is purified through electrolysis or the Mond process (converts Ni into Ni(CO)₄ gas and decomposes it to pure Ni).
Environmental Impact of Nickel Mining
Nickel mining can have environmental consequences, including:
- Deforestation and habitat destruction in mining areas.
- Water pollution from mining waste.
- Air pollution due to sulfur dioxide emissions.
Sustainable Nickel Production
- Recycling nickel-based materials reduces mining demand.
- Eco-friendly extraction methods lower environmental damage.
Safety Concerns of Nickel Exposure
Nickel is generally safe in alloys, but excessive exposure can cause health issues.
Health Risks of Nickel
- Nickel Allergy: Causes skin irritation and dermatitis.
- Inhalation Risks: Nickel dust or fumes may cause respiratory problems.
- Toxicity in High Doses: Nickel compounds can be harmful if ingested.
Safety Precautions
- Use protective gear when handling nickel dust.
- Avoid prolonged skin contact with nickel compounds.
- Ensure proper ventilation in industrial settings.
Fun Facts About Nickel
- Nickel is the fifth most abundant element on Earth.
- The US “Nickel” coin is made of 75% copper and only 25% nickel.
- Nickel was first isolated in 1751 by Swedish chemist Axel Cronstedt.
- Nickel is used in green hydrogen production as an efficient catalyst.
Nickel (Ni), the metal positioned to the left of copper in the periodic table, is a strong, corrosion-resistant, and magnetic transition metal. It is essential in stainless steel, batteries, electronics, and catalysts.
Despite its many benefits, nickel mining has environmental and health concerns, making recycling and sustainable extraction methods crucial.
With its wide range of applications and significance in modern industries, nickel continues to be one of the most valuable metals in the world.